Kevin McCue
Within a year of the formal annexing of South Australia as a British colony, an earthquake shook the settlement of Adelaide. Aready, by July 1837, the first local newspaper had been published so news of the earthquake was in press. The spread of settlers can be charted by reports of earthquakes, at first felt just in Adelaide, then Gawler and Barossa to Port Lincoln, Burra and Mount Remarkable.
Few earthquakes were recorded across the 23 years investigated here, about one per year on average (Figure 1). Katherine Dix (2013) had tabulated all but one of these earthquakes, but some changes have been made to her locations and/or magnitudes with more information continually available on TROVE.
The largest earthquake in the 23 years covered by this report was the magnitude 4.5 earthquake on 20 August 1844 in the Spalding area though according to Dix (2013) it was the magnitude 5.1 earthquake on 15 September 1853 near Mount Remarkable (with a dubious report from Adelaide).
The very first isoseismal map of a South Australian earthquake is shown in Figure 2 published by Dix (2013) alongside the version presented here. The location and magnitude are as different as any in the two studies due to a perception by this author, but not Dix, that the newspapers have confused the day of the earthquake, Thursday in one article, Friday in another. The locations and magnitudes of the early earthquakes as published here are not perfect, but they are the best estimates based on sometimes limited and/or erroneous, reported observations. More information would undoubtedly improve them further.
Figure 1 Numbers of earthquakes reported in each of the years studied in this report 1837-1859, with the average number per year and a moving average showing the frequency increasing with time as the population grew and expanded across the State.
Figure 2 The apparent recurrence relation for the 23 year period from 1837 to 1859. This is a meaningless plot, as the population grew and spread across South Australia except that it shows the deficiency in observed earthquakes below magnitude 4.5, assuming the rate of earthquakes from 1965 to 2020, following the installation of local seismographs in SA, is a constant.
Chronological listing of South Australian earthquakes to 1860
1837 07 22 at 18:55 UTC, Adelaide
South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register (Adelaide, SA : 1836 – 1839), Saturday 29 July 1837, page 3
IMPROVEMENTS OF ADELAIDE.—Every day lends testimony to the activity with which the Colonists are setting about making themselves “snug and comfortable” in their respective habitations. The canvas coverings are gradually disappearing, and substantial and even elegant buildings are rising in their place. On returning from Mount Lofty, during a ride last week, we were much struck at the picturesque appearance of a cottage at the south-eastern part of the town, and which forms a very pretty object from the hills. It is painted, and fenced round with a substantial English iron fence. The garden is laid out in front, and we observe a cupola surmounted with a weather-fane—the door graced with a handsome knocker—the first we believe exhibited in the Colony— the tout ensemble, in short, would not disgrace the neighbourhood of Richmond. We understand this neat property is the residence of Osmond Gilles, Esq., the Colonial Treasurer. When it is considered that scarcely three months have elapsed since the town was located, and take into consideration the difficulty and expense of internal transport from Port Adelaide, we must confess our surprise at the progress that has been made in so short time, but it shows when people are in earnest what can be done.
EARTHQUAKE.—On Sunday morning last the 23rd inst. at 25 minutes past four, a smart shock of an earthquake was felt in Adelaide. It continued about 20 seconds, and was accompanied by a loud and deep noise resembling the rattling over paved streets of a train of heavy waggons or artillery. The night was cloudy, and at the time of the shock a slight rain was falling; the barometer standing at the time 29, 7 tenths, and the thermometer 58, were not in any way affected. As far as we are able to judge, the subterraneous noise came from the hills to the north-east, and passed off in a south-westerly direction. The natives were questioned as to the occurrence, and if their recollection can be depended upon, two similar shocks have been felt many years ago. Nothing in the appearance of the country or mountains in our neighbourhood indicates volcanic formation. But it has been remarked, that since the winter set in, our coldest winds have been from the north-east, which seems to indicate either a range of lofty mountains in that direction, or the existence of a large inland body of water.
1840 03 31 at 06:30 UTC, Adelaide
Dix (2013) assigned this earthquake a magnitude of 3.6, based on the manuscript diary of the late Mrs. John Michael Skipper, who arrived in South Australia in 1836 (The Register, Saturday 20 May 1911, page 14) that carries the following note:
On April 1, 1840, appears mention of the fact that an earthquake brought down an “old, ricketty wall’ at the Southern Cross Hotel, and also some glasses.
The contemporary newspaper article is below.
The South Australian of Thursday 2 April 1840
EARTHQUAKE-On Tuesday afternoon last, about 4 o’clock, a slight shock of an earthquake was felt in this city, and for several miles around. The rareness of this phenomenon has rendered it an occasion of much remark; but, beyond the shaking of a few articles of furniture – of not more than a few seconds duration – we are happy to state no inconvenience was felt.
The reports are conflicting but, accepting the diary version, the magnitude had to be at a minimum 3.5, no matter how rickety the wall. This is the first reported earthquake damage anywhere in South Australia, or Australia for that matter, since European occupation. By 1911 earthquakes were an accepted fact in South Australia judging by a discussion on the safety of the Burra Hospital in parliament that year (The Register, Friday 15 December 1911, page 11).
1842 08 13 at 12:30 UTC, Encounter Bay/ Victor Harbour
Southern Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1838 – 1844), Tuesday 23 August 1842, page 3
EARTHQUAKE.—We have been informed by Mr Wilson, of Encounter Bay, that, ten days ago, a slight shock of an earthquake was felt at that place. It occurred about ten o’clock at night, and was preceded by a hollow, rumbling, sound, like that made by a heavy waggon passing over a hard road.
Examiner (SA : 1841 – 1843), Saturday 17 December 1842, page 3
THE EARTHQUAKE.—The fears of some persons and the scientific prognostigations of others have led them to anticipate the phenomenon of an earthquake in South Australia. Earthquakes have lately occurred in New South Wales, but of a slight description, and the heavy weather we have had and several atmospheric indications, are certainly in favour of the supposition that we may feel a tremor of the earth during the summer. This phenomenon is of so frequent occurrence in some countries, that it is not in the least dreaded, and our readers need be under no apprehension in a good wood or brick house. Piesè houses with old thatched roofs, would, in the event of such a calamity, certainly fall to the ground and smother the inmates. Tall brick chimneys are also dangerous, as no one knows which way they might fall. The following is the description of the weather fore-running an earthquake, which we give for the information of our readers— “A calm generally precedes an earthquake —large billows frequently roll on shore —a sound is heard, resembling the noise of a carriage—something like the sound of wind, and at other times of cannon— the earth is rent into chasms, from which issue fire or water—whole cities have disappeared in these, and sometimes portions of them have been thrown out at another opening.”
It is no wonder Australian earthquakes are belittled and considered non-threatening based on this description of the likely effects of earthquakes.
1844 01 18 at 04:30 UTC, Adelaide ? not earthquake
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 27 January 1844, page 3
At about 2 p.m. on the 18th it was reported by several, that a singular noise was audible, “which was certainly not thunder,” and apparently subterranean. It lasted for about a quarter-of-an-hour,—frightening many. It was described as being similar to a noise heard about three years ago, in different parts of the country, which (it is said) was followed by the slight shock of an earthquake. This was, however, unaccompanied by any unpleasant consequences.
Paleoseismologists will find the following story interesting and perhaps marvel at the observational skills of the early surveyors who wrote the article.
Southern Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1838 – 1844), Tuesday 18 June 1844, page 3
From Cape Bernouill to Guichen Bay, and for some distance around Mount Benson and to Lake Hawdon, there is a useful tract of country.
The range that follows the coast from Cape Bernouilli to Lake Bonney, and which we crossed at several points, is very picturesque as far as we saw it, especially immediately at the back of Rivoli Bay; and there are many other similar ranges which are separated by low level ground, a great portion of which is subject to inundation; but the soil is excellent, and some of these plains have been so far raised by the action of earthquakes, as to render them dry, and available for pasturage or agriculture.
1844 08 20 at 09:30 UTC, Mr Horrocks Station, Clare Valley
Southern Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1838 – 1844), Friday 30 August 1844, page 3
Local News.
A VERY severe shock of an earthquake was experienced on last Wednesday week, at the station of Messrs. Horrocks, and also at Mr Hughes’s station, about forty miles farther to the north.
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 7 September 1844, page 4
On Tuesday the 20th of August, at 7 p.m., a severe shock of an earthquake was felt at Mr Horrocks’s station in the north, more than 50 miles from Adelaide. Previously a severe rumbling was perceived coming from the N.N.W., and after the lapse of a few seconds the shock was so violent that it shook the house (a stone and brick one), raised the flagstones more than inch, set the glasses and crockery a-dancing, and kept the inmates in a state of involuntary tremor and oscillation, even more unpleasant, if not alarming than if under the influence of phrenological magnetism. The shock was felt at a hut a hundred yards off, and the vibratory motion at Mr Hawker’s station 14 miles off.
The minimum size of an earthquake that was strongly felt Clare and still clearly felt 70km away near Jameston with an epicentre south of present-day Spalding would have to be about 4.0.
1845 10 25 at 17:30 UTC, Adelaide
South Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1844 – 1851), Tuesday 28 October 1845, page 3
EARTHQUAKE. —A number of sleepers were roused, and watchers alarmed, by a smart shock of an earthquake at three o’clock on Sunday morning, which lasted about half a minute. This is the third shock which has been felt in Adelaide since the colony was settled, one having occurred in 1837, and one in 1840.
1845 08 30 at 23:30 UTC, Stony Desert
Details from Dix (2013).
1848 02 03 at 01:30 UTC, Barossa and Adelaide (slight)
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Saturday 12 February 1848, page 2
The shock of an earthquake was felt on Thursday week the 3rd instant, at about eleven o’clock in the forenoon, at the Barossa Range, and for several miles beyond, and distinctly heard by several persons near Adelaide, a distance of fifty miles.
1848 09 14 at 18:30 UTC, Burra
South Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1844 – 1851), Friday 22 September 1848, page 1
On Friday last, at about four o’clock in the morning, a shock of an earthquake was felt at the Burra Burra, the village of Clare, and as far to the north as the neighbourhood of Mount Bryan. Its direction was from south to north. It was not only heard and felt by many at Kooringa, but the glasses and bottles, the jars and pannakins, were rattled and shaken. It was attended by a distinct rolling noise, resembling the rush of carriages, which lasted for about half-a-minute ; and, in some houses, even furniture was seen to move, the light of the moon being clear, by persons who chanced to be lying awake. Many who were asleep were awakened in fright. There is no doubt of the reality of the shock, as testimony from all sides is concurrent, varying only from the circumstance of the early hour having found some sleepers who started in affright, some who slept through it, and a few who “on earnest business bent” were awake, and suddenly surprised by a jig among the moveables to the music of a mimic peal of thunder, which, a little contrary to the ordinary rules of etiquette, was followed by a mimic flash of lightning, so brilliant as to illuminate the country far and near.
Figure 3. The first isoseismal map of a South Australian earthquake — 14 September 1848. 3a Felt area inferred (assuming both were felt on Thursday) of the earthquake that shook Burra and environs but was also felt in Adelaide. 3b (Dix 2013) noted the day difference (Thursday and Friday) and treated them as two separate smaller earthquakes, at Burra and Adelaide, both at 4am. The Burra area where it was felt is shown in the lower figure at a similar scale. The computed magnitude is 3.6 (Dix, 2013) or 4.3 (McCue this report).
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 16 September 1848, page 2
A small shock of an earthquake was felt in Adelaide about four o’clock on Thursday morning. The vibration was so sensibly felt, that several inhabitants declared their beds shook under them; and Doctor Woodforde, whose house adjoins our office, and who happened to be up at the time, informs us that the building was shaken.
1848 12 Date/time?, Port Lincoln
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Wednesday 20 December 1848, page 3
EARTHQUAKES IN NEW ZEALAND.
A clever meteorologist of Adelaide, with whom we conversed some weeks ago, in alluding to the extraordinary, and, we may add, unseasonable weather then prevalent, gave it as his opinion that we should hear of volcanic eruptions in this hemisphere, if we did not actually experience such in this colony. The prediction has already been verified to a considerable extent by occurrences in New Zealand, which we are about to record ; and at Melbourne, on the 12th October, there was a shock of an earthquake resembling, in its effects, the passing of a heavy carriage. The rumours of similar occurrences here are not so well defined, although the atmospheric and meteoric changes and other unexplained phenomena have repeatedly attracted attention.
A passenger by the Juno informs us that the shock of an earthquake had been felt at Port Lincoln in the early part of this month. Mr Peters, who was on the scaffolding of a new house, was so alarmed that he ran off, and called to the men to keep clear of it, expecting the building would fall.
It is also said that there has since been a shock at the Burra, the effects of which are still visible. (Ed. This might refer to the earthquake on 14 September 1848 at the Burra).
1849 02 10 at 11:00 UTC, Gawler Town
The South Australian, Friday 16 February 1849, page 2
On Saturday evening, at about eight o’clock, the shock of an earthquake was felt very distinctly in the neighbourhood of Gawler Town, and for some miles round. It lasted for about eight seconds, and was sufficiently strong to throw the human frame into an involuntary shudder, and to set the crockery and pannicans dancing.
Adelaide Times (SA : 1848 – 1858), Monday 19 February 1849, page 2
EARTHQUAKE.—On the 10th inst, at 8 P.M., a slight shock of earthquake was felt at Gawler Town, which extended for several miles. At Gawler Town it was said to have lasted eight seconds, and at Tanunda only four. It was so smart, that it set the crockery dancing on the shelves, and the cadence of their rattling was plainly audible for some seconds afterwards. The sensation it is said to have produced on the human frame, was that of an involuntary
shudder, “ accompanied with evident symptoms of consternation.”
A comment about this earlier earthquake in the newspaper report of the 1859 earthquake discussed below indicates that the two were similar so we assign them the same magnitude and location.
1850 10 13/14 Adelaide – stormy weather – not earthquake
South Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1844 – 1851), Monday 21 October 1850, page 2
In our German contemporary, we find a short report at the end of the usual meterological table, about the heavy gale on Sunday last. We translate it, and hope some of our
readers may respond to the appeal of Dr. Schomburgk:—“The strong gale on the night of the 13th and 14th October, was such an unusual meteorological phenomenon, as to fix the attention of every one, especially of the close observer. Already, on the morning of the 13th, the barometer fell four lines in the space of a few minutes, shortly before the beginning of the gale and thunderstorm, and declined about nine o’clock p. m. to 27 inches 4 lines, having stood in the morning 25 inches ¾ line. After nine o’clock p.m. the storm and gale increased, accompanied by a few hailstones, till it reached its climax at about eleven o’clock. Shortly before that time we experienced a wave-like moving of the earth, going from S. S.W. to N.N.E., setting tables end bedsteads in motion; after the lapse of a quarter of an hour we felt a similar one, when the storm visibly abated. It was curious that the storm, during each of the earthquakes, changed to W. but resumed its course, S.W. directly after the cessation of them. The duration of each was 3 or 4 seconds. As it would be very interesting to ascertain the extent, duration, and number of these earthquakes, we call on our, fellow colonists, who may have observed them, to correspond with the editors of this paper, that they may arrive at a certain result. It is really a pity that there were no miners at work during that night.”
1851 03 16 at 19:25 UTC, Port Lincoln – the third shock
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Friday 4 April 1851, page 4
EARTHQUAKE.
A slight shock of an earthquake was felt at Port Lincoln on Monday morning, the 17th of March, at a quarter to 5 o’clock. It is said this is the third shock which can be remembered as having occurred there.
1852 05 19 at at 11:UTC, Morphett Vale
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 5 June 1852, page 7
THE EARTHQUAKE.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ADELIADE OBSERVER.
Sir—Last Wednesday week (19th May), a slight shock of an earthquake was felt in the Noarlunga or southern district. Sitting in my house at Morphett Vale, between 8 and 9 o’clock in the evening, a momentary trembling of the floor was felt, and Mrs. B. immediately said it was an earthquake. On the same premises, a door of a cottage flew open at the same time. Towards the Horseshoe it was distinctly felt by many persons, whose attention happened not to be withdrawn, as I have been specifically informed. On going to O’Halloran Hill, the south side, on Saturday, one of the first inquiries I heard was, if we had felt the earthquake. The beds of some who had just retired to rest gave a very perceptible totter. In the valley below, called Happy Valley, or Hurtle Vale, the shock was in some places still more distinct, the noise of the crockery striking together being heard. On the top of Tapley’s Hill it does not appear to have been felt, and must have been very slight. I trust other informants will give you further particulars for insertion in your valuable repository of all matters appertaining to South Australia, the much-esteemed Observer.
I am, &c., &c.,
E. BAKER.
Figure 4 Felt area of the small earthquake near Morphett Vale on 19 May 1852.
1853 09 15 at 16:30 UTC, Mount Remarkable
Adelaide Times (SA : 1848 – 1858), Wednesday 5 October 1853, page 3
YATALA DISTRICT COUNCIL.
Saturday, October 1st.
Shock of an Earthquake.—Information reached town on Monday, that a severe shock of an earthquake was felt in the neighbourhood of Mount Remarkable, on the 16th ult. Our informant says that about 2 o’clock in the morning, he was awoke by hearing a low rumbling noise and a quivering of the earth, that he jumped up, but was immediately thrown off his legs by the violent shaking of the earth, and that the sensation lasted for nearly three minutes.
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 8 October 1853, page 8
Earthquake.—The shock of an earthquake was felt on the 16th of last month, not only in the vicinity of Mount Remarkable, but in several places beyond it, and in some instances hundreds of miles apart. Our informant assures us that Mr. Nott, the surveyor, who has arrived in Adelaide from the Mount Remarkable district, can attest the facts which, with several alarming circumstances, were witnessed by himself, one of the Police force stationed there, and others. The shock was felt at about 2 o’clock in the morning of the 16th September, and the effects were more or less perceptible for about two minutes. In one instance the vibration of a tent-pole fixed in the ground was found to have been to the extent of three inches.
The Earthquake.—We are informed by Mr. Wickes, of North Adelaide, that the shock of an earthquake, mentioned in Tuesday’s paper as having been felt by Mr. Nott and others near Mount Remarkable, was distinctly and unmistakably felt and heard at Montefiore Hill, North Adelaide. About 2 o’clock in the morning of the aforenamed day, Mrs. Wickes was awaked by a hollow rumbling noise resembling that of a heavy waggon passing under an archway, attended by a tremulous shaking of the house, causing a tottering motion of glasses and other things standing on a sideboard, which produced considerable sound, and continued for not less than two minutes. Much of this was also witnessed by our informant. Two shocks were distinctly felt at an interval of about half a minute. —Register, Thursday.
The earthquake was strongly felt by several people at Mount Remarkable but at only one house in North Adelaide, the occupants reporting it the day after reading about it in the newspaper. No one in towns between Noth Adelaide and Mt Remarkable reported feeling it. The report that the shaking lasted three minutes is a great exaggeration.
1855 02 18 at 22:30 UTC and 02 23 at 19:00 UTC, Kapunda
Adelaide Times (SA : 1848 – 1858), Friday 23 February 1855, page 3
Earthquake.—A correspondent residing in the neighbourhood of Truro has communicated the following:—” On Monday last, at about 8 a.m., a slight vibration of the earth, supposed to be the shock of an earthquake was experienced in this neighbourhood. At Truro, it caused a dull rumbling motion, such as would be produced by a heavily-laden waggon passing somewhat quickly by. At Barton, one mile distant, the sensation was more considerable. Buildings shook to their foundations, plates, &c., for the moment clattering on the shelves, and persons being conscious of a staggering impulse as they stood on the floor of their houses. How far beyond us this tremor extended I am unable to state ; nor do I know of any other cause besides that mentioned above, to which the shock felt here can be assigned. The air at the time was tranquil, and, though hazy, the sky was almost cloudless : there were no indications of a tempest either near or remote, nor was the heat excessive.”
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 24 February 1855, page 7
Earthquake.—A correspondent informs us that the shock of an earthquake was distinctly felt at Kapunda, on Monday morning last, at half-past 7 o’clock. It is represented as having resembled the rumbling of a heavily-laden omnibus, driving at a rapid pace. In houses in the neighbourhood of Allen’s and Ross’s Greeks, the crockery was shaken upon the shelves. The shock was also felt at Kooringa.
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Wednesday 21 February 1855, page 3
Earthquake.— A correspondent informs us that the shock of an earthquake was distinctly felt at Kapunda, on Monday morning last, at half-past 7 o’clock. It is represented as having resembled the rumbling of a heavily-laden omnibus, driving at a rapid pace. In houses in the neighbourhood of Allen’s and Ross’s Creeks, the crockery was shaken upon the shelves. The shock was also felt at Kooringa.
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Wednesday 28 February 1855, page 2
Earthquake Again. — We have received the following from a correspondent at Kapunda, under date February 26:—” Your issue of the 21st mentions the shock of an earthquake having been felt here on the 19th. We have had a repetition of it on Saturday morning last at about half-past 4. The motion or shock was very slight, but so distinct as to be unmistakeable ; it was not of sufficient force to derange furniture or household utensils, but gave a person standing or lying a gentle tremulous motion. The noise accompanying it was of a more disagreeable character than the motion itself. It rumbled like a waggon or omnibus; but there was also a second noise blending with it of a harsh whirring nature which left an unpleasant sensation in the ear even after it had ceased. I was wakened up by the noise and motion, and cannot say how long it lasted altogether, but I fancy that it could not have lasted more than five minutes. The sky was perfectly clear at the time and a gentle mild breeze blowing. I did not feel the first shock and therefore cannot make a comparison between it and the last from actuanl experience, but from what I have heard I believe the second shook has been of much less force than the first. It is very curious that there is no account to show that these shocks have been felt in any other than mineral districts ; your report and that of the Times gives Kooringa, Kapunda, Wheal Barton, &c, all mineral ground.’
1856 06 24 at 16:45 UTC, Gawler/Adelaide
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Thursday 26 June 1856, page 2
THE EARTHQUAKE.
A shock of an earthquake was distinctly felt in and around Adelaide at about a quarter-past 2 o’clock on Wednesday morning. It was accompanied by a loud rumbling sound, which lasted for several seconds, and gave the idea of thunder underground. Of the many we have seen who were either awake at the time or whom the shock awakened, the greater part agree in their descriptions. It was naturally felt more in lofty houses, in some of the upper rooms of which the earthenware and even the furniture were perceptibly shaken. We have received numerous letters, a few of which we subjoin, from persons resident in town and the suburban districts. To-day’s post will probably bring us communications from more distant localities :—
‘Sir— I felt a slight but very palpable shock of an earthquake this morning, at 16 minutes past 2. It commenced with a low thumping sound, and increased with a quick jolting sensation, similar to riding in a waggon over rubble Charles Hill, School of Art, Pultney-street, Adelaide.
“Sir— We experienced a rather sharp shock of earthquake this morning. I think it must have been about 3 o’clock ; it awoke several members of my family. Mrs. Dalton says it appeared to her as if one of the children had fallen heavily out of bed, and she heard the bottles in the shop rattle distinctly. My son, who sleeps in the shop, says the bottles rattled against each other; and the shock was so great that the doors and windows rattled, and some parrots flew violently about their cage. It was followed by a strong wind and hailstorm. Not knowing if it was generally noticed, I thought it better to apprise you of the circumstance, though perhaps you may have further and fuller information of it from others. “I am, Sir, &c., “C.Dalton, “Chemist, High-street, Kensington.”
” Sir — This morning, at 20 minutes past 2 o’clock, my bed quite shook for about a minute, and then I heard a rumbling noise like thunder. ‘ My infant was ill, so that myself and wife were perfectly awake, waiting upon him; and it is no fancy. The bearer, my barman, can confirm it, as well as other persons in the hills. “R. D. Hawkins, Crafer’s Inn, Old Tiers.”
“Sir— I think it worthy of notice, that at about half-past 3 o’clock this morning a distinct shock of earthquake was felt at my residence near the Glen Osmond hills. A dull rumbling sound, not unlike the noise caused by a railwiy train passing over the Torrens Bridge, was first heard, and this was almost immediately followed by a trembling of the earth, which caused my house to shake, and the furniture in the room to creak loudly. At the same time a sensation was felt which reminded me of my skating days. The earth seemed to undulate in about the same degree, and in the same smooth and quiet manner, that ice does when the water below is troubled by the weight of eager skaters above. ” At the time of the shock the wind was blowing very wildly, aud I think I could detect a blast or so from the north. A quiet penetrating rain soon after followed. ” You are at liberty to mention the fact in your journal if you think fit. My own impression is that it is useful to record these freaks of nature.
” I am, Sir. &c, ”
A Subscriber, Mitcham.’ ”
Sir — The shock of an earthquake having visited us this morning, and as, from the time of its occurrence, it could not have been universally experienced, I take the earliest opportunity of laying before you my observations. ” I slept upon a strong iron bedstead, on a floor elevated fifteen feet above the surface of the ground, and was awakened by a gentle swinging motion from, I believe, north to south, the joists of the bed creaking in a manner which, I find by trial, it requires a good exertion of strength to produce by hand. At the same time I heard a rumbling noise, like distant thunder, which grew louder after the motion of the earth ceased, and seemed to pass away towards the south. As near as I can guess, the shaking lasted ten seconds after I awoke. The time, by my watch, was a quarter-past 2. The sky at the time was overcast with clouds, and the air perfectly calm. ”
I am, Sir, &c., ” SAMUEL KEARNE, Jun. ” Oakland, Sturt River.”
In addition to the above letters, we have been favoured with tho following memorandum : — ” Particulars from Revenue Station (REVENUE STATION – See Customs House, Port Adelaide)
Aneroid Barometer and Thermometer. ” June 24.— 7 a.m., bar. 30 6; 9 a.m., bar. 30 4, ther. 58; 2 p.m., bar. 30 0, ther. 59; 5 p.m., bar. 29 90, ther. 55; 11 p.in., bar. 29 80. Wind light and fresh, N.N.W. to N. W. Sky cloudy and threatening. ” June 25. — 2.22 a.m., bar. 29 80, ther, 59, wind very light, N.W. ; 2.30 a.m. bar. 29 82, ther. 59, wind strong, N.W. ; 9 a.m., bar. 29 76, ther. 54. ” Shock occurred about 22 minutes past 2 a.m. ; violent rocking of beds and glasses, and shaking of windows; low rumbling sound, like that produced by a heavy rail-way train in motion, increased as it approached, and died away in the distance ; direction, S.W. to N.E.”
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Thursday 26 June 1856, page 2
THE EARTHQUAKE.
Our readers will scarcely need to be informed that the district of Adelaide has been visited by a smart shock of an earthquake, but it may be interesting to read the various particulars which have been forwarded to us on the subject. We know not as yet over how wide an area the subterranean convulsion spread, but from Gawler, Gumeracha, Teatree Gully, and a variety of other places, we have received special information. The numerous accounts that have reached us agree with remarkable exactness in all the particulars of the visitation. The shock took place at a quarter to twenty minutes past 2 on Wednesday morning. It lasted for a minute or more, advancing from north to south, and being accompanied by a rumbling sound, in some localities louder than thunder. Houses were violently shaken, many people springing from their beds in consternation. Dogs barked and growled furiously in consequence of the prolonged shaking and creaking of doors windows, and other articles. At the time of the shock the air was calm, although just before the occurrence a strong gale prevailed. After the shock had passed the wind revived, and in some places hail fell. The sky was overcast and gloomy, a heavy and oppressive sensation being experienced by many persons. We shall be glad to hear from other correspondents on this subject, and especially from those residing in the remoter districts of the country.
Figure 5 Felt area of the Gawler earthquake, 24 June 1856, virtually identical to that by Dix (2013).
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 28 June 1856, page 5
THE EARTHQUAKE.
A shock of an earthquake was distinctly felt in and around Adelaide at about a quarter-past 2 o’clock on Wednesday morning. It was accompanied by a loud rumbling sound, which lasted for several seconds, and gave the idea of thunder underground.
Of the many we have seen who were either awake at the time or whom the shock awakened, the greater part agree in their descriptions. It was naturally felt more in lofty houses, in some of the upper rooms of which the earthenware and even the furniture were perceptibly shaken.
We have received numerous letters, a few of which we subjoin, from persons resident in town and the suburban districts.
“Sir—I felt a slight but very palpable shock of an earthquake tins morning, at 16 minutes past 2. It commenced with a low thumping sound, and increased with a quick jolting sensation, similar to riding in a waggon over rubble
“Charles Hill,
” School of Art, Pulteney-Street, Adelaide.”
” Sir—We experienced a rather sharp shock of earthquake this morning. I think it must have been about 3 o’clock; it awoke several members of my family. Mrs. Dalton says it appeared to her as if one of the children had fallen heavily out of bed, and she heard the bottles in the shop rattle distinctly. My son, who sleeps in the shop, says the bottles rattled against each other; and the shock was so great that the doors and windows rattled, and some parrots flew violently about their cage. It was followed, by a strong wind and hailstorm. Not knowing if it was generally noticed, I thought it better to apprise you of the circumstance, though perhaps you may have further and fuller information of it from others.
“I am, Sir &c.,
“C. Dalton,
“Chemist, High-street, Kensington.”
“Sir—This morning, at 20 minutes past 2 o’clock, my bed quite shook for about a minute, and then I heard a rumbling noise like thunder.
” My infant was ill, so that myself and wife were perfectly awake, waiting upon him; and it is no fancy. The bearer, my barman, can confirm it, as well as other persons in the hills.
” R. D. Hawkins, Crafer’s Inn, Old Tiers.”
” Sir—I think it worthy of notice, that at about half-past 2 o’clock this morning a distinct shock of earthquake was felt at my residence near the Glen Osmond hills. A dull rumbling sound, not unlike the noise caused by a railway train passing over the Torrens Bridge, was first heard, and this was almost immediately followed by a trembling of the earth, which caused my house to shake; and the furniture in the room to creak loudly. At the same time a sensation was felt which reminded me of my skating days. The earth seemed to undulate in about the same degree, and in the same smooth and quiet manner, that ice does when the water below is troubled by the weight of eager skaters above.
” At the time of the shock the wind was blowing very wildly, and I think I could detect a blast or so from the north. A quiet penetrating rain soon after followed.
” You are at liberty to mention the fact in your journal if you think fit. My own impression is, that it is useful to record these freaks of nature.
“I am, Sir, &c.
A Subscriber, Mitcham.”
“Sir—The shock of an earthquake having visited us this morning, and as, from the time of its occurrence, it could not have been universally experienced, I take the earliest opportunity of laying before you my observations. “I slept upon a strong iron bedstead, on a floor elevated fifteen feet above the surface of the ground, and was awakened by a gentle swinging motion from, I believe, north to south, the joists of the bed creaking in a manner which, I find, by trial, it requires a good exertion of strength to produce by hand. At the same time I heard a rumbling noise, like distant thunder, which grew louder after the motion of the earth ceased, and seemed to pass away towards the south. As near as I can guess, the shaking lasted ten seconds after I awoke. The time, by my watch, was a quarter-past 2. The sky at the time was overcast with clouds, and the air perfectly calm.
I am, Sir, &c,
” Samuel Kearne, Jun. “Oakland, Sturt River.”
“Peachey Belt, Wednesday morning, June 25. “We had a distinct shock of earthquake here last night. It moved the crockery throughout the house. It was about half a minute’s duration.
” Peter Rowland.”
” Lyndoch, June 25, 1856.
“Sir—This morning, about half-past 2 o’clock, the inhabitants of the township and its vicinity were roused from their slumbers by the rather severe shock of an earthquake, which caused no small alarm to the stronger , as well as the gentler sex.
” The vibration was sensibly felt for about 20 seconds; the sound, which resembled that of distant artillery, lasted—say 6 seconds longer—as load as thunder, but with a regular, deep, hollow, rumbling noise.
” A short time previous a heavy squall passed over the valley; but at the time the shock was felt it was quite calm, with a moderately clear sky.
“The effect was similarly felt at Bowland’s Flat, Mount Crawford, and the Victoria Creek.
” W. T. Hipwell.”
” Lashbrooke, near Macclesfield, June 25, 1856.
“Sir—A smart shock of an earthquake was felt here this morning about 2h. 26m. a.m. It consisted of a strong vibratory or trembling motion, accompanied with a rumbling noise, which did not however, as usually is the case, resemble the roiling of artillery carriages, but was more like the conclusion of a clap of thunder when the reverberations of earth and air are apparently balanced. The impression conveyed was that a gigantic hand had laid hold of the neighbouring hills and given them a shaking, which was simultaneously communicated to house, bed, windows, &c. A broken pane of glass in my room rattled exceedingly during the whole time of the shock, which lasted from 15 to 20 seconds. The wind was blowing in heavy gusts during the night, but no shaking, even of the broken window, was produced. The noise also of the shock was distinct from and above that of the wind.
“If the same was felt in other parts of the colony, perhaps those of your readers who noticed it will forward to your paper the names of places, and time of occurrence, that the direction and duration of the shock may be more clearly ascertained.
“I am, Sir, &c,
“J.B. Austin.”
” Sir—On Wednesday morning, shortly after 2 o’clock, I heard a rumbling noise something like the sound of the railway carriages. My wife asked me what it meant. Before I had time to speak the house appeared to be shaking to pieces. The bed on which I iay shook just as much as a spring-cart would have done on a rough road. It lasted, I think, about five seconds, and the effects of the shock seemed to be going from west to east. It was calm at the time, but shortly after, the wind blew briskly. Many other people in the neighbourhood also felt the shock.
“J. B. Warne,
“Sheepator Farm, near Golden Grove.”
in addition to the above letters, we have been favoured with the following memorandum:—
“Particulars from Revenue Station (REVENUE STATION – See Customs House, Port Adelaide), Aneroid Barometer and Thermometer.
“June24.—7 a.m., bar.30.6; 9am, bar. 30.4, ther. 56; 2 p.m bar. 30.0, ther. 59; 5 p.m, bar. 29.90, ther. 55; 11 p.m, bar. 29.90. Wind light and fresh, N.N.W to N.W. Sky cloudy and threatening.
” June 25.—2.22 a.m. bar. 29.80, ther. 59, wind very light N.W.; 2.30 a.m. bar. 29.82, ther. 59, wind strong,
N.W.; 9 a.m., bar. 29.76, ther. 54.
” Shock occurred about 22 minutes past 2 am.; violent rocking of beds and glasses, and shaking of windows; low rumbling sound, like that produced by a heavy railway train in motion, increased as it approached, and died away in the distance: direction, S.W. to N.E.”
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Tuesday 1 July 1856, page 2
THE EARTHQUAKE.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE REGISTER.
Sir—We were this morning visited by the shock of an earthquake, said by the oldest inhabitant here to be the most severe they had ever experienced. It occurred about a quarter-past 2. The subterranean rumbling, with a slight vibration, commenced immediately upon the sudden rush of a violent storm of wind, and increased for some time until the houses with all their contents seemed to reel to and fro. The bed whereon I lay shook in such a manner that I expected it would fall, and my surprise was great to find the house shaking, and myself safe when the shock had passed. I find it was felt by most persons in this neighbourhood in a greater or lesser degree. My next neighbours house was so strained that the timbers cracked loudly. There was a jingling of cups, glasses, bottles, &c., in some houses ; but no injury has been sustained by any, so far as I have yet learnt. I have forwarded you these facts, that, compared with other accounts from various quarters, it may help to furnish you with the general information I know you desire on all subjects to give your readers,
I am, Sir, &c., WILLIAM VERCOE. Chain of Ponds, June 25, 1856.
We give insertion to the letter on the subject of the recent earthquake, because the shock is represented as having been more violent in the neighbourhood where our correspondent resides than any other locality of which we have heard.— Ep. S.A.R.
Adelaide Times (SA : 1848 – 1858), Thursday 26 June 1856, page 2
DOMESTIC NEWS.
Earthquake Yesterday Morning.—Most of our readers, no doubt, experienced the disagreeable shock of an earthquake, which took place yesterday (Wednesday) morning, about half-past 2 o’clock. According to the account of those who were awake at the time, it appears to have consisted of a dull rumbling sound, which seemed to pass under the city, shaking the houses in the same manner as would passing loaded waggons through a narrow street. In some instances, we are informed, articles were skaken from tables and shelves, causing so much alarm as to induce people to rush from their houses in their night clothes. Our reporter, at the Port, says:—Some excitement was caused yesterday morning throughout the Port, by a low rumbling sound and tremulous motion, which is described (by persons who have before felt shocks of earthquakes) to have passed apparently from the east to the west. The Police in the Station, state that the entire building was shaken, the lamps and articles on the table keeping in motion for some seconds. In some places, the windows and doors were violently agitated, and the impression on many minds was, that some accident had happened to the locomotives. We are told that the shock was felt as much at Gawler Town as in Adelaide. The vibration lasted about half a minute.
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Wednesday 2 July 1856, page 2
THE EARTHQUAKE.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE REGISTER.
Sir— On Wednesday morning, the 25th instant at about a quarter past 2, we were visited with a sharp shock of an earthquake, the vibrations lasting upwards of 20 seconds, accompanied with a loud rumbling noise. This is the seventh visitation I have experienced during 15 years, always from the same direction, passing under the house from west to east. I should like to know if these shocks are felt at Port Lincoln and Yorke’s Peninsula. I reside 76 miles north of Adelaide, and about 40 miles from Gulf St. Vincent (east).
I am, Sir, &c., ARTHUR HORROCKS. Penwortham, June 29, 1856. Query — Is it not probable that these shocks take their rise between us and Western Australia?
Adelaide Times (SA : 1848 – 1858), Thursday 26 June 1856, page 2
Earthquake Yesterday Morning.—Most of our readers, no doubt, experienced the disagreeable shock of an earthquake, which took place yesterday (Wednesday) morning, about half-past 2 o’clock. Ac cording to the account of those who were awake at the time, it appears to have consisted of a dull rumbling sound, which seemed to pass under the city, shaking the houses in the same manner as would passing loaded waggons through a narrow street. In some instances, we are informed, articles were skaken from tables and shelves, causing so much alarm as to induce people to rush from their houses in their night clothes. Our reporter, at the Port, says:—Some excitement was caused yesterday morning throughout the Port, by a low rumbling sound and tremulous motion, which is de scribed (by persons who have before felt shocks of earthquakes) to have passed apparently from the east to the west. The Police in the Station, state that the entire building was shaken, the lamps and articles on the table keeping in motion for some seconds. In some places, the windows and doors were violently agitated, and the impression on many minds was that some accident had happened to the locomotives. We are told that the shock was felt as much at Gawler Town as in Adelaide. The vibration lasted about half a minute.
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Wednesday 2 July 1856, page 2
TO THE EDITOR OF THE REGISTER.
Sir— A slight shock of an earthquake occurred here on the morning of the 25th, but was not universally noticed, as most of the inhabitants were buried in sleep. It was characterized by the usual phenomena of violent gusts of wind both before and alter the convulsion, with complete stillness during the interval. The actual duration may have been about 10 seconds, during which time considerable agitation prevailed in the interior of houses ; a rumbling sound which marked the progress of the earthquake in a N.E. direction continued for 20 seconds longer. I venture to prophesy that the accounts from Port Lincoln and Port Augusta will represent the occurrence as more considerable in its results than in this part of the colony. The axis of the earthquake was probably parallel to and west of Flinders Range, parts of which exhibit unequivocal marks of very recent elevation— a process which accurate admeasurements would prove to be even now in operation. My data for this opinion would probably be too detailed for the general reader, and I therefore abstain from troubling you with them, the more as the gentlemen about to start for the north to institute an enquiry into the geological character of those districts will not fail on their return to acquaint the public with all observations of interest made by them in the regions explored.
I am, Sir, &c., Tanunda, June 28, 1856. VITIS.
1857 04 27 at 14:30 UTC, Sturt (Cape Willoughby) Lighthouse Kangaroo Island
Adelaide Times (SA : 1848 – 1858), Tuesday 5 May 1857, page 2
EARTHQUAKE AT KANGAROO iSLAND.— In a letter, dated April 28th from Mr W. C. Cawthorne of the Sturt Lighthouse, the following particulars are given with respect to a recent shock of an earthquake at that island :— “I have now to report a singular incident that occurred here at mid-night of the 27th. The Cape was visited by a smart shock of an earthquake, which, fortunately, has done no damage, with the exception of shaking some bricks from the room of the old tank. The Lightkeeper on duty, Wm. Seymour, states that at 10 minutes to midnight he was employed trimming the light (to do which it is necessary to stand on the gallery that runs round the light-room or lantern) when he was alarmed with heavy rumbling sounds, similar, as he describes it, to drays laden with stones rumbling up the Lighthouse stairs. At the same moment the lights trembled, and the cylinders jarred against the reflectors. The motion, he says, was similar to lifting and shaking. The vanes that regulate the rate of the light and the motions of the machinery ceased, as well as the revolving and oscillating motions of the machinery. The cylinders in the box jingled together, and the shock was attended with a loud rumbling noise, like distant but heavy peals of thunder. Seymour was much alarmed, and thought at the moment that the floors ot the building were falling. The shock lasted about a minute, and came from the N.W., passing apparently to the S.E. Mr Bristow and the men employed repairing the cottages were awakened by the rumbling noise and the shaking and jarring of the cottage roof and windows. The inmates of Seymour’s cottage were much alarmed by the shaking of the ground and the walls of the building. N. Thomas, the second lightkeeper, whose turn for duty came at midnight, was up ready for the call, and heard the unusual rumbling noise, but did not perceive any motion in the ground. I had gone to bed at half-past 10 o’clock, and awoke about midnight, with a noise, as I thought, of distant thunder. There was no wind. A light rain was falling. The night was gloomy, but no particular clouds visible. I felt no motion of the earth. I can only account for Thomas and myself not feeling the motion by both our houses being situate much higher than the cottages, and that a gully separates the head of the Cape which the Lighthuse stands and our houses, making the site of the Lighthouse from us isolated. I have examined the building, and inspected the machinery, and find that no damage has been done to either, nor to the cottages. I have to remark that for two days previous to the shock, we had unsettled warm weather, with heavy electric clouds, and the night previous we had heavy lightning nearly all round the compass, with squalls ot rain. The barometer on the morning ol the 27th suddenly fell from 30° 10′ to 29° 84′. The thermometer at 10.30 was 69°; and at 3.30 64°. The thermometer fluctuated during the evening. The weather was dull, with showers of rain and light winds from the westward.”
1858 08 21 at 12:40, 17:30 UTC and 08 22 at 09:30 UTC, Lyndoch Valley
South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858 – 1889), Wednesday 25 August 1858, page 3
LYNDOCH VALLEY.
August 24, 1858.
On Saturday last, at 10.10 p.m., the shock of an earthquake was very distinctly felt in this township and neighbourhood, accompanied with the peculiar low rumbling sound usual to such phenomena.
It appeared to come from the south-west, and pass over the valley in a north-easterly direction. The motion was not very great, but sufficiently so to shake the glasses and articles of light earthenware in the shop windows. The effect was palpable for about 25 seconds.
It was perfectly calm at the time ; sky rather cloudly, and tolerably moonlight.
I understand that another slighter shock was experienced on Sunday, at about 3 o’clock a.m., and again at 7 o’clock p.m. Whilst in chapel the sound was distinctly heard, but no shock felt. Similar effects are reported from Pewsey Vale and Mount Crawford.
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 28 August 1858, page 4
TANUNDA.
Tanunda, August 26,1858.
Since my last the general tranquillity of this neighbourbood has been interrupted repeatedly by several uncommon eccentricities, that have set the whole population, nay, even all the country, about here in commotion. Our terra firma turned infirm last Saturday evening, at a quarter past 10 o’clock, when we were unexpectedly startled by an earthquake, which recurred exactly five hours afterwards, at a quarter past 3 on Sunday morning. Another shock was felt at 7 o’clock on Sunday evening; and some say that a slight motion of the earth took place again in the night between Monday and Tuesday, but I have not been able to ascertain the exact time. The first two shocks have been universally felt. It appears that No. 1 was the strongest, No. 2 less severe, No. 3 still weaker, and No. 4 the weakest. The phenomena were accompanied by a rolling noise similar to that of distant thunder, passing along from north to south.
Figure 6 Earthquake felt between Tanunda and Lyndoch on 21 August 1858, with 3 aftershocks.
1859 06 12 at 07:30 UTC, Mount Gambier – three earthquakes felt
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Saturday 18 June 1859, page 4
Shocks of an Earthquake.— We learn from our Mount Gambier correspondent that three distinct shocks of an earthquake were felt ia that neighbourhood about sunset on Sunday evening, June 12th. The shocks lasted for 30 seconds, their motion being from north to south. The houses were perceptively shaken, but no damage was sustained that had been heard of. At the time of the shocks the weather was perfectly calm and clear.
Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957), Monday 20 June 1859, page 5
Information was received at the Observatory, through the electric telegraph, that at 5 p.m. on the same day three distinct shocks of an earthquake were felt at Mount Gambier, but it was found that they were not perceived at any other station with the exception of Geelong, where a shaking of the windows was heard at about the same time in the station-house. There was no disturbance in the magnetic elements, the variations of the magnets on that evening and the morning of the 13th being very slight.
1859 06 30 21:00 UTC, Gawler
This earthquake, a slight shock at 6a.m. on Friday last the 1st inst., was reported in
The South Australian Advertiser of Friday 8 July 1859, page 2 and in the South Australian Register of Tuesday 3 January 1860, page 3. The latter mentions it was felt at Gawler and also at Lyndoch Valley, Tanunda and other parts of the colony. It must have occurred near Gawler and it must have been small, about magnitude 3. It was not reported felt in Adelaide.
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 9 July 1859, page 8
GAWLER HILLS.
Gawler Hills, July 1.
This morning, a little before daylight, a slight shock of an earthquake was perceptible in this neighbourhood —a rumbling noise resembling thunder, and at the same time a vibration of the earth, startled many from their slumbers.
South Australian Weekly Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1858 – 1867), Saturday 9 July 1859, page 2
GAWLER.
July 7, 1859.
On Friday last, the 1st inst., a slight shock of an earthquake was felt in and round Gawler, about 6 o’clock in the morning, and I have since heard on very good authority that a similar occurrence took place that day ten years ago, a little before 7 o’clock in the evening.
Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 – 1904), Saturday 2 July 1859, page 1
TANUNDA.
Tanunda, July 1.
A slight shock of an earthquake accompanied by a long rolling and thunder-like noise, was very distinctly felt here at 6 o’clock this morning. The direction appeared to be from north to south.
Shock of an Earthquake.—The shock of an earthquake wns felt at 6 o’clock yesterday morning in several ports of the country. Particulars will be found in our letters from Gawler, Lyndoch Valley, and Tanunda.
We understand that a loud noise resembling the report of a cannon was heard at about the same time in various localities in the immediate neighbourhood of Adelaide.
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Saturday 2 July 1859, page 3
GAWLER.
Gawler, July 1.
We were alarmed this morning about 6 o’clock by what there can be no question was a slight shock of an earthquake. It seems that it was noticed in several places to the north-eastward of Gawler.
LYNDOCH VALLEY.
Lyndoch Valley, July 1.
There was a shock of an earthquake at 6 o’clock this morning. I was at breakfast when my attention was attracted by a low rumbling underground sound. My first impression was that it was thunder, and I made that remark to a person at table with me, but it almost instantly became evident that it was not thunder but the shock of an earthquake. It was sufficient to shake the cups and saucers, but quite clear enough to make its nature apparent, and to create those feelings of alarm which naturally attend such a phenomenon. As far as I could judge, the motion was from east to west.
Figure 7 An earthquake on 30 June 1859 was felt in the immediate neighbourhood of Adelaide and at Gawler, Tanunda and Stockport, but not strongly felt and there were no aftershocks.
TANUNDA.
Tanunda, July 1.
A slight shock of an earthquake, accompanied by a long rolling and thunder-like noise; was very distinctly felt here at 6 o’clock this morning. The direction appeared to be from north to south.
Shock of an Earthquake. — The shock of an earthquake was felt at 6 o’clock yesterday morning in several parts of the country. Particulars will be found in our letters from Gawler, Lyndoch Valley, and Tanunda. We understand that a loud noise resembling the report of a cannon was heard at about the same time in various localities in the immediate neighbourhood of Adelaide.
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Saturday 16 July 1859, page 3
STOCKPORT.
Stockport July 15. Although it may be out of date, still, as occurring since my last, I may mention that the same shock of an earthquake was felt by us at the same day and hour as reported in your columns from neighbouring districts.
1859 12 13 at 02:30 UTC, Tanunda
South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900), Thursday 22 December 1859, page 3
TANUNDA.
Tanunda. December 21.
A shock of an earthquake is said to have taken place about the middle of the day on last Tuesday. I did not, however, feel it myself.
| Date | Time | Lat | Long | Mag | Place | Reference |
| 1837 07 22^ | 18:55 | -35.0 | 138.5 | 3.5 | Adelaide | Dix/This paper |
| 1840 03 31^ | 06:30 | -35.0 | 138.6 | 3.5 | Adelaide | Dix/This paper |
| 1842 08 13^ | 12:30 | -35.6 | 138.7 | 3.0 | Encounter Bay/Victor Harbour | Dix/This paper |
| 1844 08 20 | 09:30 | -33.5 | 138.6 | 4.5 | Spalding region | Dix/This paper |
| 1845 08 30 | 23:30 | -26.5 | 138.8 | 2.8 | Stony Desert | Dix |
| 1845 10 25 | 17:30 | -35.0 | 138.5 | 3.0 | Adelaide | Dix/This paper |
| 1848 02 03 | 01:30 | -34.5 | 138.9 | 3.9 | Barossa and Adelaide | Dix/This paper |
| 1848 09 14* | 18:30 | -34.2 | 138.9 | 4.3 | Burra – felt Adelaide | Dix/This paper |
| 1848 12 – | – | -34.7 | 135.8 | 3.0 | Port Lincoln | Dix |
| 1849 02 10 | 11:00 | -34.6 | 138.9 | 3.0 | Gawler Town | Dix/This paper |
| 1851 03 16 | 19:25 | -34.7 | 135.8 | 3.2 | Port Lincoln | Dix/This paper |
| 1852 05 19 | 11:00 | -35.13 | 138.55 | 3.2 | Morphett Vale | Dix/This paper |
| 1853 09 15 | 16:30 | -32.8 | 138.2 | 4.0 | Mount Remarkable | Dix/This paper |
| 1855 02 18 | 22:30 | -34.35 | 138.95 | 3.8 | Kapunda | Dix/This paper |
| 1855 02 23 | 19:00 | -34.35 | 138.95 | 3.2 | Kapunda a/shock | Dix/This paper |
| 1856 06 24 | 16:45 | -34.52 | 138.78 | 4.3 | Gawler felt Adelaide | Dix/This paper |
| 1857 04 27 | 14:30 | -35.8 | 138.2 | 3.5 | Cape Willoughby KI | Dix |
| 1858 08 21 | 12:40 | -34.61 | 138.95 | 3.0 | Lyndoch Valley | Dix/This paper |
| 1858 08 21 | 17:30 | -34.61 | 138.95 | 3.0 | Lyndoch Valley a/s | Dix/This paper |
| 1858 08 22 | 09:30 | -34.61 | 138.95 | 2.5 | Lyndoch Valley a/s | Dix/This paper |
| 1858 08 23 | – | -34.61 | 138.95 | 2.5 | Lyndoch Valley a/s | Dix/This paper |
| 1859 06 12 | 07:30 | -37.8 | 140.8 | 3.5 | Mount Gambier, 3 events | Dix/This paper |
| 1859 06 30 | 21:00 | -34.6 | 138.9 | 3.4 | Lyndoch Valley | Dix/This paper |
| 1859 12 13 | 02:30 | -34.5 | 139.0 | 2.5 | Tanunda | Dix/This paper |
^ the locaton is a guess to get it into the database, but it was near Adelaide
* We have called this one earthquake, not separate Adelaide and Burra earthquakes.